What does ecological succession describe?

Ecological succession describes the process by which biological communities change and develop over time. This process involves a series of gradual transformations that can lead to significant alterations in the structure and composition of ecosystems. Succession typically occurs in a predictable sequence, starting from a disturbed or newly formed area and advancing toward a more stable and mature community, often referred to as a climax community.

During succession, various species colonize the area at different stages, with some species being replaced by others as conditions change—such as soil development, moisture availability, and light penetration. Over time, this leads to increased biodiversity and changes in ecosystem functions, such as nutrient cycling and energy flow.

The other options address different concepts: changes in climate pertain to atmospheric conditions over time; extinction refers specifically to the complete loss of species rather than community dynamics; and competition between species is a fundamental ecological interaction but does not capture the broader, temporal changes that succession describes.