What does ecological succession refer to?

Ecological succession refers to the gradual process of ecosystem development over time, which involves a series of progressive changes in the composition and structure of a biological community. This process typically occurs in two main types: primary succession, which begins in lifeless areas where soil has yet to form (such as after a volcanic eruption), and secondary succession, which occurs in areas where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact (like after a forest fire).

During succession, species replace one another, often starting with pioneer species that can thrive in harsh conditions, and gradually leading to a more complex and stable community. The concept encapsulates how ecosystems evolve, adapt to disturbances, and recover over time, making it fundamental to understanding ecological dynamics. By focusing on this gradual developmental process rather than immediate changes or seasonal variations, the concept captures the intricate timelines and interactions foundational to ecology.