What is the process called where cellular ribosomes create proteins based on mRNA?

The process where cellular ribosomes create proteins based on mRNA is known as translation. During translation, the ribosome reads the sequence of codons present in the mRNA, which has been synthesized from DNA during transcription. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, and the ribosome assembles these amino acids in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, ultimately folding into a functional protein. This step is crucial in the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, which is fundamental for cellular function and expression of traits in organisms.

Understanding translation is essential because it represents a key mechanism in the expression of genes, linking the information encoded in the genetic material with the physical manifestations of that information through proteins, which carry out most of the cellular work.