What is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy in plants?

Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy. This occurs primarily in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses that energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The overall chemical reaction is represented by the equation:

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

In this process, light energy is captured during the light-dependent reactions and is then used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize glucose, which serves as an energy source for the plant. This conversion is essential for plant growth and sustains life on Earth by forming the base of the food chain. It also contributes to the oxygen content of the atmosphere, which is vital for the survival of aerobic organisms, including humans.

Other processes mentioned, such as respiration and fermentation, do not convert light energy but rather focus on breaking down glucose to release energy. Transpiration, on the other hand, is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, primarily leaves, and is unrelated to the conversion of light energy to chemical energy.